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Alternative propulsion is a term used frequently for powertrain concepts differing from the standard internal combustion engine concept used in petroleum fueled vehicles.

Contents 1 Definition 2 Motivation and petro-free 3 Application fields 4 Criteria for successful application of alternative propulsion 5 See also 6 External links

The term alternative propulsion or "alternate methods of propulsion" includes both

• alternative fuels used in standard or modified internal combustion engines (e.g. combustion hydrogen).
• alternative propulsion systems, that is to say, those not based on internal combustion, such as those based on electricity (for example, electric or hybrid vehicles) , compressed air, or fuel cells (e.g. hydrogen fuel cells). Under certain conditions they can be more efficient than petroleum propulsion. However, while some are hoping for spectacular breakthroughs such as bubble fusion or cold fusion (currently discredited), at the moment no technology yields significantly higher fuel efficiency than traditional methods.^{[citation needed]}

Today's cars can be classified in three main groups:

• Petroleum fueled vehicles, which use petroleum derived fuels (such as gasoline or diesel exclusively (though many such vehicles can also be run on biofuels).
• Hybrid vehicles, which use petroleum fuels in conjunction with other energy sources, generally electricity.
• Petrofree cars, which do not use petroleum, such as battery electric cars, 100% biofueled vehicles, hydrogen vehicles, and compressed air vehicles.

The motivation for the research in alternative propulsion in transport is primarily to achieve more sustainable methods of transportation than those relying on fossil fuels.

Petrofree is a term to indicate that petro(leum) is not used or sold (i.e. petrofree fuel station, petrofree vehicle).

Most work in alternative propulsion concepts is focused on replacing traditional internal combustion engines in automobiles. Several contenders, such as Michelin's Challenge Bibendum and the North American Solar Challenge, are designed to provide motivations for effective concepts utilizing alternative propulsion. Hybrid vehicles, which combine an internal combustion engine with an alternative system, are perhaps the most visible example of alternative propulsion systems in use today.

Alternative propulsion is not limited to automobiles, however; it can also apply to types of spacecraft propulsion beyond solid- or liquid-fueled rockets. Propulsion methods such as the ion thruster and solar sail are examples of alternative propulsion options for spacecraft.

In order to supplant traditional propulsion systems, alternative propulsion systems must be able to equal or exceed the performance and convenience of traditional systems in several areas:

• operating radius (range)
• acceleration and top speed
• stability of the stored energy (degradation over time, losses or leakages).
• refueling or recharge procedure.
• environmental effects (minimizing odor, noise, vibrations, radiation, emission of noxious substances, etc.).

Air Car Battery-electric vehicle CO2 Electric vehicle conversion Emission standards Fuel efficiency FreedomCAR Global warming Greenhouse gas Green tuning

Hybrid vehicle Hydrogen vehicle Low carbon Low-energy vehicle Proposed future transport Plug-in hybrid Spacecraft propulsion Super Ultra Low Emission Vehicle Tribrid vehicle World Green Car

• Alternative Fuels Data Center : Alternative fuel vehicles.
• Sustainable Green Fleets su:gre EU-supported dissemination project for biofuels/alternatively propelled cars.
• Alternative Fuel Vehicle Training National Alternative Fuels Training Consortium, West Virginia University U.S.
• Alternative Propulsion Strategy at General Motors
• Alternative Propulsion at Opel: Hydrogen Cars
• Berlin Environmental Challenges for Alternative Propulsion SystemsPDF Reinhard Kolke Umweltbundesamt Lecture at the Well-to-Wheels Conference 2001 14-16 May 2001, Nice. See http://exxonmobil.com/Global-English/Files/070705.pdfPDF (54.3 KiB).
• Green Progress Alternative Transportation Technology]
• DIRECTIVE 1999/94/EC OF THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT AND OF THE COUNCIL of 13 December 1999, relating to the availability of consumer information on fuel economy and CO2 emissions in respect of the marketing of new passenger carsPDF (140 KiB).
• Fuel Efficient Vehicles Now An activist site with much information on what can be done now to do to improve things even more.