From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

The Ajacan Mission was a failed attempt in the 16th century by Spanish Jesuit priests to settle and bring Christianity to the Native Americans on the Virginia Peninsula in the New World. The ill-fated Ajacan Mission of 1570–1571, which would have been known as "St. Mary's Mission," predated the establishment of the English settlement at Jamestown by about 36 years.

Contents 1 Spanish exploration 2 Mission sited 3 Exact location 4 Abandonment 5 Aftermath 6 Opechancanough 7 Modern times 8 Sources 9 See also

Early in the 16th century, Spanish explorers discovered the Chesapeake Bay while in search of the fabled (and non-existent) Northwest Passage to India. They gave the land now known as Virginia the name "Ajacan."

After several failed attempts at colonization of the portion of the New World now known as the United States, the Spanish succeeded in 1565 with the establishment of St. Augustine, the first city in the United States. Small settlements spread northward along the eastern coast into Georgia and the Carolinas. The northern-most post was Santa Elena (today Port Royal, South Carolina).

Spanish exploration northward in the area of the Chesapeake Bay continued into the late 16th century. During one such trip in 1560, the 17-year old son of an Algonquian chief of the Native Americans in Ajacan (Virginia) agreed to join the group and was brought to Mexico. He was instructed in the Catholic religion and baptized Don Luis, in honor of Luis de Velasco, his sponsor, who was the Viceroy of New Spain. The youth was transported to Madrid, Spain, and had an audience with the Emperor. He received a thorough Jesuit education. Don Luis later returned to the New World.

In 1570, Father Juan Bautista de Segura, Jesuit vice provincial of Havana, wanted to establish a mission in Ajacan without a military garrison, which was unusual. One of the chief stumbling blocks to converting the Natives to Christianity at other locations had been the often deplorable conduct of the colonial soldiers. On garrison duty, not challenged by the prospect of fighting, they were apt to seek an outlet for their boredom in drunkenness, thievery, bullying and sexual license. Despite concerns about the plan's feasibility, Father Segura eventually obtained permission from his superiors for the founding of the new St. Mary's Mission.

In August 1570, Father Segura, Father Luis de Quiros, former head of the Jesuit college among the Moors in Spain, and six Jesuit brothers set forth from their base in Havana on their Ajacan Mission, seeking to establish a new outpost to be called St. Mary's Mission. A young Spanish boy, Alonso Olmos, called Aloncito, also accompanied the priests to serve Mass. They were also accompanied by Don Luis as their guide and translator. On September 10, the party of 10 landed in Ajacan.

It is possible the location they chose was at Queen's Creek on the north side of the Lower Peninsula, near the York River. More recent findings suggest that St. Mary's Mission may have been in the village of Axacam on the New Kent side of Diascund Creek near its confluence with the Chickahominy River.

In either case, Don Luis soon set about attempting to locate his native village of Kiskiack which he had not seen in ten years. In the same general area, the Spaniards constructed a small wooden hut with an adjoining room where Mass could be celebrated. Soon after the ship bringing them had departed, Don Luis left the Jesuits, supposedly to seek his uncle and supplies. However, rather than returning, he rejoined his tribe, where his brother had become the weroance, and took several wives, as was the custom.

As time went by, first days, and then months, the small band of Jesuits realized that they had been abandoned by Don Luis. To their added misfortune, it was a time when the mid-Atlantic region was enduring a long period of famine due to drought conditions. The food they brought with them was in short supply. Immediately there was a dependence on the Indians for food.

They successfully traded with some natives for food, but it was increasingly in short supply as the winter months set in. Around February of 1571, Don Luis returned with other natives and stole all their clothing and supplies. The natives killed both of the priests and all six brothers. Only the young servant boy was spared, perhaps because he was not a Jesuit. Escaping the carnage, the young boy made his way to a rival native chief who lived close to the main coast on the Chesapeake Bay. There he waited until the relief expedition arrived in 1572.

More than a year after the massacre, a Spanish supply ship found and rescued Alonso, upon which he gave the only survivor's account. Subsequently, Florida's Governor, Pedro Menendez de Aviles, traveled to Ajacan to punish the culprits. The native-convert Don Luis proved ever elusive and was never discovered. However, eight other Indians accused of murdering the missionaries were promptly hanged by the Spaniards.

The disastrous attempt at establishing a mission in Virginia spelled the end of Spanish ventures to colonize the area. Following the death of Father Segura and his companions in the Ajacan Mission venture, the Jesuits were recalled from St. Augustine and sent on to Mexico where the harvest, temporal and spiritual, seemed much more promising.

At the time of the first permanent English settlement at Jamestown in 1607, a fierce Native American warrior named Opechancanough was the half-brother of Wahunsonacock, the Chief of the Powhatan Confederacy, The name Opechancanough meant "He whose Soul is White" in the Algonquin language.

It is speculated by some historians that Opechancanough was the same individual who had also been known as "Don Luis". What is known with certainty is that Opechancanough was violently opposed to the European settlers who arrived at Jamestown beginning in 1607. It was he who led the party that captured Captain John Smith in late 1607 and brought him before Chief Powhatan at Werowocomoco. (This was the same incident later recounted by Smith in one of his books when the Chief's daughter Pocahontas allegedly intervened on Smith's behalf, saving his life).

A period of relative peace between the Powhatans and the settlers ended not long after the death of Wahunsonacock in 1618, when Opechancanough became the new chief. Beginning with the Indian massacre of 1622, Chief Opechancanough gave up on diplomacy with the English settlers of the Colony and Dominion of Virginia and tried to force them to abandon the region both then and again in 1644, when he was captured. Opechancanough was later killed by a soldier assigned to guard him.

At the time he was killed in 1644, Opechancanough was estimated to be between 90 and 100 years old. The timing makes the possibility that he and the Don Luis who sabotaged the Jesuit Ajacan Mission in 1571 were one and the same at least feasible.

The Richmond Diocese of the Catholic Church has designated St. Elizabeth Ann Seton Parish in New Kent County as the new Shrine of the Jesuit Martyrs.

• Virginia's Jesuit Martyrs, Seattle Catholic.

• Martinez, Bartolomé. “Relation,” The Spanish Jesuit Mission in Virginia, 1570–1572. Clifford M. Lewis and Albert J. Loomie, eds. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1953.

• Rountree, Helen C. Powhatan Foreign Relations: 1500–1722. Charlottesville: University of Virginia Press. 1993.

• Taylor, Alan. American Colonies. New York: Viking, 2001.

• Anger, Matthew, "Spanish martyrs for Virginia" Tuesday, June 06, 2006.

• Jamestown 2007

• Ajacan, The Spanish Jesuit Mision The Mariners' Museum, Newport News, Virginia 2002

• Letter of Juan Rogel to Francis Borgia, 1572. Describes the rescue of a young boy, the sole survivor of the Indian massacre at Ajacàn, as related by the boy. Also, the revenge taken by the Spanish forces.

• History of Virginia