Abolished monarchy

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Throughout history monarchies have been abolished either through legislative reforms, coups d'etat, or wars.

One example is the overthrow in 1649 of the English monarchy by the Parliament of England, led by Oliver Cromwell. The monarchy was restored in 1660. Another is the abolition of the French monarchy in 1792, during the French Revolution. The French monarchy was later restored several times until 1871. The ancient monarchy of China ceased to exist in 1912 after the revolution of Sun Yat-sen. The last emperor of Korea lost his throne in 1910 when the country was annexed by Japan. After the death of the last khagan in 1924 Mongolia became a republic.

In 1893 foreign business leaders overthrew the Queen of the Kingdom of Hawaii. They established a republic, which joined the United States in 1898. The monarchy of Portugal was overthrown in 1910, two years after the assassination of King Carlos I.

The monarchy of Russia was abolished during World War I. The monarchies of Turkey, Germany and Austria were abolished in the aftermath of the same conflict. At the time, monarchies were planned for the Grand Duchy of Finland (to have a Finnish King), and for Lithuania (Mindaugas II of Lithuania), with a protectorate-like dependency of Germany. Both kings renounced their thrones after Germany's defeat in November 1918.

The royal houses of Bulgaria, Serbia, Hungary, Romania, Albania, and Italy were toppled in the aftermath of World War II. In Greece the king was forced into exile after a coup d'état in 1967 and the republic was proclaimed in 1973 (confirmed by referendum in 1974).

The monarchies of India, Kenya, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe were abolished when, or shortly after, they became independent of the United Kingdom, while remaining within the Commonwealth in the middle of the 20th century. That of Ireland was not abolished when Ireland became independent of the United Kingdom in the 1920s, but was abolished by the Republic of Ireland Act of 1948, which came into force in 1949. Pakistan became a republic in 1956. The monarchy in South Africa was abolished in 1961 with referendum. The latest country to become a Commonwealth republic was Mauritius in 1992.

That of Egypt was abolished after a coup d'état in 1952; that of Tunisia in 1957, that of Iraq in 1958, that of Libya in 1969, that of Iran was abolished by the Islamic revolution of 1979. In Ethiopia the emperor lost his throne in 1975 due to a communist takeover. Communist revolutions put to end the monarchies of Indochina after World War II: Vietnam in 1955, Laos in 1975 and Cambodia in 1970. Later the monarchy was restored in Cambodia under Norodom Sihanouk in 1993.

Brazil rejected an attempt to restore its monarchy in the 1990s[1], while efforts to restore the monarchies of some of the Balkan states in the former Eastern Bloc continue. In Bulgaria, Simeon Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, who was deposed from the Bulgarian throne in 1946, was elected and recently served as the Prime Minister of his country from 2001 to 2005. In a 1999 referendum, the voters of Australia rejected a proposal to abolish their monarchy in favour of a specific republic model. The proposal was rejected in all states, with only the Australian Capital Territory passing the proposal.

On December 24, 2007, the Nepalese government decided in an accord to abolish the monarchy after elections are to be held by April, 2008.[1]Further measures were done to make it a "federal democratic republican state" in a Bill passed by a parliamentary vote on December 28.[2]

Contents

Country

Year

Annotations
1900s
1910s
Portugal 1910 revolution
Korea native monarchy abolished; replaced by rule by Japan, a monarchy, through 1945
China 1912 Xīnhài Revolution
Albania 1914 monarchy restored in 1928 (Albanian Kingdom)
Russia 1917 February Revolution
Montenegro 1918 referendum deposed King and united with Serbia
Germany All on account of German defeat in World War I and the following German Revolution
– Prussia
– Bavaria
– Württemberg
– Saxony
– Hessen-Darmstadt
– Baden
– Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach
– Mecklenburg-Schwerin
– Mecklenburg-Strelitz
– Oldenburg
– Brunswick
– Anhalt
– Saxe-Coburg and Gotha
– Saxe-Meiningen
– Saxe-Altenburg
– Waldeck-Pyrmont
– Lippe
– Schaumburg-Lippe
– Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt
– Schwarzburg-Sondershausen
– Reuss Senior Line
– Reuss Junior Line
Austria —
Finland never in effect
Lithuania
Poland —
Hungary restored 1920, although throne remained vacant with a Regent
1920s
Bukhara (Uzbekistan) 1920 —
Khiva (Uzbekistan) —
Turkey (Ottoman Empire) 1923 Turkish War of Independence followed by a parliamentary decision in 1923
Greece 1924 restored 1935 and abolished via referendum in 1974
Mongolia —
1930s
Spain 1931 later restored (see below)
1940s
Croatia 1943 —
Iceland 1944 union with Denmark terminated
Yugoslavia 1945 communist reconstruction
Manchukuo Manchukuo merged into the Republic of China after abolition of the Empire
Hungary 1946 Decision of the parliament without a referendum.
Italy referendum; official result: 54,3% in favour of republic
Bulgaria referendum initiated by the Soviets; official result: 95% against monarchy
Albania —
Sarawak —
Romania 1947 —
Indian Princely States 1947-
1950		 became federal states of an independent India
Ireland 1949 Abolished the last "King of Ireland", the King of the United Kingdom
1950s
India 1950 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Egypt 1953 coup d'état
Vietnam 1955 referendum
Pakistan 1956 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Tunisia 1957 —
Iraq 1958 coup d'état
1960s
Ghana 1960 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
South Africa 1961 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Rwanda —
Tanganyika 1962 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Yemen —
Nigeria 1963 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Uganda Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Kenya 1964 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Zanzibar —
Burundi 1966 —
Malawi Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Maldives 1968 —
Libya 1969 coup d'état
1970s
Cambodia 1970 later restored (see below)
Gambia Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Guyana Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Sierra Leone 1971 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Ceylon 1972 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy, state name changed in to "Sri Lanka"
Afghanistan 1973 coup d'état
Ethiopia 1974 coup d'état
Greece referendum; official result: 69% against monarchy
Malta Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Laos 1975 coup d'état
Trinidad and Tobago 1976 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy
Iran 1979 Iranian Revolution
Central Africa —
1980s
Fiji 1987 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy. Queen Elizabeth II recognised as Paramount Chief by the Great Council of Chiefs
1990s
Mauritius 1992 Abolished Commonwealth monarchy

  • England, abolished 1649, restored 1660
  • Spain, abolished 1873, restored 1874; abolished again 1931, restored 1947, initially under regency of Francisco Franco, with the king only restored in 1975
  • Cambodia, abolished 1970, restored 1975, abolished again 1976, restored 1993
  • Ugandan traditional states of Buganda, Toro, Bunyoro, and Ankole were abolished in 1967 and then restored in 1993

  1. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7158670.stm
  2. ^ http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/7163034.stm
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